Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Law of Evidence - Essay Example in circumstances that render them unreliable. The obvious test is whether or not the statement was made voluntarily or not as evidence by the Section 76(2) of PACE. There are other safeguards against the admission of a confession that may have been improperly obtained and thus rendering them unreliable. Section 78 of PACE provides that a confession may be excluded if admitting the confession would render the proceedings unfair.4 Section 82(3) of PACE incorporates the common law principle of judicial discretion and permits the exclusion of a confession statement if its prejudicial effect would exceed it probative value.5 The main purposes of the safeguards against admitting confession statements was articulated by Lord Griffiths in Lam Chi-Ming v R as follows: Their Lordships are of the view that the more recent English cases established that the rejection of an improperly obtained confession is not dependent only upon possible unreliability but also upon the principle that a man cann ot be compelled to incriminate himself and upon the importance that attaches in a civilized society to proper behaviour by police towards those in their custody.6 Thus the protections contemplated by PACE relative to the admissibility of confessions are three fold: to safeguard against the admissibility of unreliable confessions; to protect the accused person’s right against self-incrimination; and to protect the accused person from police impropriety. Although a judge following a voire dire (a trial outside the presence of the jury) may rule that the confession was obtained fairly and is thus admissible, the circumstances in which the confession was obtained may nevertheless be laid out before the jury. For instance, in Musthtaq the House of Lords ruled that a judge must instruct the jury that if, despite the judge’s admission of the confession, if they find that the confession was obtained oppressively or improperly, they are required to disregard it.7 It was also he ld in Wizzard v R. that the judge must instruct the jury to disregard a confession admitted into evidence if: There is a possibility that the jury may conclude that a statement was made by the defendant, that statement was true, but, the statement was, or may have been, induced by oppression.8 Thus the courts have expounded upon the protections articulated in PACE relative to the admissibility of a confession statement. The main purpose is to safeguard against an unfair and unjust outcome by protecting the accused’s right against self-incrimination, protect the accused against police impropriety and to safeguard against the admission of an unreliable statement. Building on the protection purposes implicit in PACE, Lord Steyn stated in Mitchell v R that the jury ought not to know that the admissibility of a confession statement was determined in a voire dire. As Lord Steyn noted: There is no logical reason why the jury should know about the decision of the judge. It is irrelev ant

Research workplace safety issues and disabilities of job applicants Paper - 1

Workplace safety issues and disabilities of job applicants and report your findings and analysis in a - Research Paper Example The common practice of alienating people in the work place has been through biasness in hiring, promotion, in termination, job assignment and when compensating employees. It is also expressed through retaliation and other forms of harassing employees in terms of their gender. State constitutions and the federal statutes provide rulings of law on discriminatory acts. The issue is addressed fully under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution with some relevant Acts and provisions which limit the power of both the federal and the state governments to discriminate. The Fifth Amendment has the requirement that individuals should not be deprived of life, liberty or property by the state without the due use of the law (OBrien 216). This section has also highlighted the cases which govern alienation and the provisions as well as the penalties due in case of failure to comply with the constitution. The amendment has also provided a guarantee that all individuals have an equal and explicit protection of the law. The fourteenth amendment has provided for full protection of human rights and prohibits the states from violating these rights. This paper analyses the various forms of allowable and unethical forms of discrimination as has been provided in the constitution and their impacts on the employer or organizations, the applicants and the coworkers. Firstly, the constitution under the fourteenth amendment has provided that a person shall not be discriminated upon in the practice of employment because of membership in a certain group whether such an individual is a former employee or a job applicant. In case of termination, the law has stated that an individual should receive fair treatment and process of termination before he or she is acquitted and especially if the termination is related to property interests, liberty or freedom. Intentional