APIIC Internship Essay - How To Get Started

APIIC Internship Essay - How To Get StartedFor a student who is interested in earning an APIIC internship, there are four samples that they can follow. Each sample is unique and helpful to the student because it is a step-by-step process that they will need to follow. As such, these samples are especially helpful. They provide the students with guidelines that are easy to follow.The first sample for the APIIC student is a brief outline for completing an APIIC internship. It is a sample that follows four steps. Each of these steps is very important because this is how the intern will feel when it is completed.The second sample for the APIIC student is a sample of a resume. This sample begins with a header that indicates that the user is completing a APIIC internship. This sample also includes a brief description of the intern's education and employment experience.The third sample for the APIIC student is a sample resume. This sample goes over each of the intern's accomplishments, but does not include any information about his or her education or work experience. Instead, it includes just a brief listing of accomplishments that the intern completed while he or she was completing the internship.The fourth sample for the APIIC student is a sample essay. This sample is a short essay that the intern should use as a starting point for a comprehensive article on the intern's experiences while completing the internship. This sample includes one paragraph that details the entire internship experience, but it is limited to a few sentences because it is too short.The examples provided by the APIIC application form are very useful because it provides the intern with the tools that they need to write a professional, powerful APIIC internship essay. Each sample is tailored to help the intern to be successful in completing their internship.The APIIC application form is also beneficial because it gives the intern a guideline for completing an APIIC internship. It also gives the intern a guideline for their resume and how they should outline their resume in order to make it more impressive. Finally, the application form is easy to follow because it is short and simple.

Article Abstract Assignments Example

Essays on Article Abstract Assignments Article The NCAA Cartel and Competitive Balance in College Football by E. Woodrow Eckard. Research question: Whatimpact does NCAA has in college football? The author is establishing a premise, reliable enough to help in making any inference regarding the role of NCAA in College Football. There is, therefore, the consideration of the period before the NCAA enforcement and during the enforcement of the regulation. Eckard has used both the empirical and theoretical approach of presenting his paper. The Cartel argument presents a theoretical approach, that the NCAA regulations and enforcement hinder improvements on weak teams, as well as protecting competition in strong teams. Additionally, NCAA uses a â€Å"stratification† strategy, â€Å"less churning† over years in national rankings as well as conference standings. The author chooses to refer to the context of football, before and after 1952; the period when NCCA regulations were adopted. The paper reveals of the role of NCAA, through the recruitment process, players’ eligibility, and compensation. Eckard uses empirical data tests to help in testing the reliability of hypotheses. The data is discussed, and eventually there is the presentation of the statistical results preceding the conclusion. Although the establishment of NCAA can be traced as early as in 1906, its enforcement authority was accorded to it following the adoption of the 1948’s Sanity Code (Falla, 1981). However, the enforcement authority proved ineffective, and the Sanity Code was reinstituted in 1951. The establishment of the present NCAA regulatory structure has turned the institution an economic cartel. Essentially, the regulations limit the compensation due to athletes to room and board, tuition, and books in order to the guiding by NCAA, â€Å"Principle of Amateurism† (NCAA Manual, 1993). On the other hand, NCAA ascribes that the economic regulations that it applies help in promoting competitive balance. The overall goal of NCAA is to attain a competitive equity while considering every member school (NCCA Manual, 1993). The additional principles governing the concept of player recruitment and eligibility state, any related regulation should â€Å"promote equity among member institutions†, as well as â€Å"promote competitive equity among member institutions† (NCAA Manual, 1993). However, lack of oversight would give room for a number of schools to dominate through outbidding other institutions concerning top athletes. The main conclusion rests on the enforcement mechanism by NCAA over player eligibility recruiting and compensation introduced in 1952 constitutes most substantial operational shift in the history of college football. Additionally, the results obtained from the results indicate that competitive equity declined following the adoption of cartel enforcement in 1952. The author presents a reliable premise upon which he tests his hypothesis. The art of assessing both the perspectives of economists and NCCA regarding competitive balance helps the reader enlighten over competitive equity. The open TV contract competition over football games, after telecast ban, did not amount to the reduction on competitive balance. This observation indicates a conflict in the NCCA objectives; amateurism principle pursued at the expense of controlled competitive equity. The biggest criticism of the paper covers the regulations limit concerning the compensation due to athletes, in accordance to the guiding by NCAA, â€Å"Principle of Amateurism† (NCAA Manual, 1993). Economists argue that NCAA is a cartel, where members tend to â€Å"collude† in order to exhibit joint monopsony over football’s key input. Football players are less paid, while enriching the institution. There is also a lack of consistency in performance since 1952, following the enforcement mechanism; a fact that constrains college behaviors. There author does not provide any information on how competitive balance could have shifted while excluding the regulation by NCAA. Reference: Eckard, E. Woodrow. (1998). The NCAA Cartel and Competitive Balance in College Football. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.

Hospitality Management Service Innovation

Question: Aim: The aim of this subject is to develop students understanding and expertise in the efficient and effective management of hotel service operations. Students will be provided with practical management skills within an applied context (focusing specifically on food and beverage services) together with the overall theoretical knowledge required to manage a hotel. The Learning Outcomes for this unit are: On completing this subject, students will be able to: Undertake and reflect critically upon food and beverage management functions; Appraise the key characteristics and complexities of the hospitality industry; Assess the interdependencies between the hospitality, event, tourism and travel sectors; Critically reflect upon the key skills and resources needed and applied in hotel food and beverage operations; Critically analyse and utilise the various ownership/management models of the international accommodation sector; Evaluate a hotel with regard to its markets, service levels and staffing; Evaluate the changing nature of environmental, social, technological; and legal trends, influencing hotel operations; Apply the principles of sustainability to food and beverage operations. Answer: Introduction In this ever-changing environment, business sustainability has become one of the most serious concerns. Top multi-national organizations are still fighting for successfully keeping a balance between stakeholders expectations (Heskett et al., 2013). While considering the hotel sector, what comes in exquisitely is the quality of service. With the impact of competition, keeping the balance between customer loyalty and employee satisfaction has become the biggest challenge (Sigala, 2013). Managers of hospitality sector are trying to squeeze out profit without updating the quality of service. This eventually leads to diminished customer loyalty. Therefore, especially hospitality sector, which is the service oriented industry, needs to ensure putting the service-profit chain to work and incur the concept of The experience economy. In this paper, the two concepts putting the service-profit chain to work and The experience economy will be discussed critically. The importance of these concepts will be discussed based on a managers perspective in the hotel sector. Practical views of these concepts will be evaluated and the implications will be presented. Moreover, practical examples from the hotel industry, which deals with such concepts, will be presented. The amount of success and achievements that the hospitality organizations achieve by experience economy will be presented. Finally, the metrics that a manager should use for evaluating the effectiveness of concepts will be discussed. Concpet of Putting the service-profit chain to work Management mantra has changed in case of earning profit for an organization. Top-level executives from reputed service related organizations are spending less time in setting their organizational profit and market share. The concept of Putting the service-profit chain to work has established a link between profit, customer loyalty and employee loyality, satisfaction andproductivity. According to Reynoso, (2013), this concept highlights that profit and growth of an organization actually come from customer loyalty. On the other hand, Sigala, (2013) opined that the customers will be loyal to the organization, when they will be satisfied. Customer satisafaction come from the customized value provided to them. On the other hand, the organization will be able to provide customized value to the customers through satisfied employees. Employee satifaction, in turn comes from suporting devices and flexible organizational policies. While considering a business, where the customers pay attention to only the types of servcies they recieve, it is commonly considered as hotel industry. Accordinng to Cohen and Olsen (2013) the growth of this industry only comes from loyalty of customers. More the customers take repeated servcie, more profit will be earned by the hotel industries. Therefore, the managers of hotel industry should be highly focused on building customer satisfaction and assessing its impact on profitability of business. Reichheld and Sasser of this article has estiamted that a 5% increase in customer loyalty can increase organizational profit from 25%-85% (Myrden Kelloway, 2015). The managers of hotel industry should identify the life time value of loyal customers. On the other hand, Loveland et al., (2016) opined that life time value of loyal customers can have astronomical effect on hotel industry, especially in case of adding referrals to repeatation and retention of customers. As customer loyalty i s drived through customers satisfaction, the manager should be very much concerned about satifying the customers. Customers of any restaurant or hotel become pleased when they are being served satisfactorily. Therefore, the managers of hotel industry should keep their customers in the frontline of operational plan. It will keep their hospitality business afloat. According to Chicu et al., (2016), customers satisfaction in turn comes from customized value provided to the customers. Most of the customers in hotel industry are value oriented. Therefore, it is extremely improtant for the managers to realize the exact expectation of every customer so that it can be met properly. On the other hand, Yee et al., (2015) argued that todays customers are not satisfied with just getting good ettiquettes and recipes from the hotels. They are now more concerned with having a memorable experience and dynamic service from the hotel servcie. Quick service and standard business practices provide better customer value. From extending guest check out to incorporating customized menu are all part of standard business practices. The managers of hotel industry should keep constant contact with the customers and take their feedback in improving their business. Customers will be engaged in business, when it will be able to deliver service as promised. In order to provide customized value to the customer, the employees of hotel industry should perform at their best level. According to Gronholdt and Martensen, (2016), employees are the ultimate persons, who are responsible to serve customers. Employee performance is extrmely important in hotel industry, as they are to interact directly with the customers. It is completely manpower oriented business. Moreover, employees of hotel industry are responsible for satisfying the guest. Therefore, the operation managers of hospitality sectors should effeciently supervise the employee performance towards business success. On the other hand, Evanschitzky et al., (2012) suggested that employee productvity is directly linked with employee loyalty. Increased rate of employee turnover not only incur loss for organizations in terms of hiring cost, but also reduces employee satisfaction. As long as the employees will be loyal to their organization, they will be productive and put their best effort. Again, the concept of Putting the service-profit chain to work suggests that employee loyalty is completly dependent on employee satisfaction (Evanschitzky et al., 2012). It is extremely imrportant for the managers to understand the factors of employee satisfaction. Satisfied employees of this industry are more like to see things positively and satisfy the customers. As long as the managers of the hotel industry will be able to satisfy their customers, they will achieve inceased employee loyalty. On the other hand, customer satisfaction is drived from supportive organizational devices and policies. According to Robinson et al., (2015), internal quality of hotel sectors contribute most to the satisfaction level of employees. Supportive leadership is one of prime factors for employee satisfaction. It is extremely important for the managers to understand the concept of Putting the service-profit chain to work. On the other hand, Kumar and Kumar, (2016) opined that the managers should properly listen to the issues of employees and take immediate remedies before it becomes employee grivence. Apart from that, the managment should also provide appropriate salary to the employees to keep them satisfied all through their job career. Concept of The experience economy The concept of The Experience Economy defines that consumers buy experiences rather than goods and commodities. According to Degen et al., (2015), economists have lumped up experiences with services. However, experiences are distinctive economic offering, which varies from one business to others. Economic offerings also varies from one customer to others. Here is the concept of Mass Customization. In case of hotel industries, it is exteremely important for the managers to serve the unique demands of the customers. On the other hand, Loureiro, (2014) opined that customers always want to feel authenticity in the commodities they buy. It is the time to go beyond the concept of goods and commodities and give them memorable experiences through customized service. In case of hotel industry, there can be some experiences, which can be artificial but it should make the customers say wow. As hotel indutries are completely depedent on the degree of customer satisfaction, providing economic offering to them is highly important (Manthiou et al., 2015). Keeping this concept in mind, the managers should offer some unique values to the customers, which they would feel to be authentic. Adding soft music and enchanting decoration in hotel room can provide extraordinary experinece to the customers. Apart from that, reducing number of transactional charges may provide a view of value for money. Thus, it is significant for the manager to identify the emotional, intellectual, psychological and spiritual spirit of customers before selling service. In todays modern business era, most of the organizations have realized the importance of Putting the service-profit chain to work. While considering the example of Regatta Hotel, it can be said that the managers estimates the organizational profit on the basis of customer loyalty. According to Song et al., (2015), the managers have made customers and employees as the centre of their concern in running their bsusiness. The managers estimate the number of repeated customers in a monthly basis. It has been found that increased customer loyalty of this hotel has enhanced their profit level up to 30% (Coca-Stefaniak Carroll, 2014). On the other hand, Guex and Crevoisier, (2014) opined that customer loyalty of this organization come from the customer satiafction they provide. It has been found that this hotel provides variery of free ammenities in term of entertainments and foods. These ammenties provide customized value to the customers. The organization is capable of providing satisfact ory service to the customers, as their employees are extremely productive. The employees of Regatta Hotel are much more skilled and enthusiatic in greeting their customers. They constantly get training and support for enhacing their customer service skills from their supervisors. Another example of hotel, which utilize the concept of The experience economy is Hotel Windsor. Experience has always been the heart of hotel industry. Customers always like to have some extraordinary experience from hotels.In order to provide a feel of authenticityto the customers, this hotel has designed their website in such a way, which give a real look of hotel environement. The managers of this hotel especially take care of unique needs of the customers for providng customized service. According to Bille, (2012), one of the most important customized services of this hotel is providing Afternoon teafor the customers residing in it. The customers get traditional taste of Melbourne through this tea. On the other hand, Ju, (2014) opined that this hotel has become successful in achieving memorable experience to the customers, by offering Grand Romance Package. In this service, couples after entering into Hotel Windsor receive a bottle of champagne and valet parking. The cutomers als o get free room service breakfast for two and late checkout. This kind of unique service makes the customer to revisit this hotel. Metrics for measuring the concept Putting the service-profit chain to work Measuring Profit and Growth Customers often proved to be profitable over time. Loyal customers acccount for high proportion of sales and profit in organization. Managers of hotel industry should measure organization profit through number of repeated customers and customer referels. Managres from many reputed hotels have agreed that 20% of most loyal customers not only contribute to organizational profit, but also incur organizational loss (Beltagui et al., 2012). On the other hand, Leslie et al., (2015) opined that the managers could measure customer loyalty through assessing their inclusion in companysroll. It has been seen that repeated customers have increased the sales of Wrest Point Hotel Casino by 45% (Leslie et al., 2015). Measuring Customer Satisfaction High level of customer loyalty is driven from customer satisfaction. Leading service organizations are inclined to quantify the level of customer satisfaction. According to Coca-Stefaniak and Carroll, (2014), managers of hotel industry can measure customer satisfaction through conducting customer satisfaction survey. In todays business world, this metric has become so popular within hotel sectors. On the other hand, Degen et al., (2015) opined that customer satisfaction survey is often conducted through mails and face-to-face interview. The managers should quantify customer satisfaction in quarterly basis to assess the product value. Measuring External service value External service value is not only related to the cost to the customers, it is also about results achieved from the customers. Service value is always dependent on both the perception of ways service is delivered and the initial expectation of the customers. According to Manthiou et al., (2014), the managers of hotel industry can measure value by using the reasons expressed by the customers for their positive or negative experience of service. On the other hand, Loureiro, (2014) opined that managers should also differentiate each customers comments for customizing service. Measuring employee productivity Measuring employee productivity ultimately determines total output of organization. High level of employee productivity in hotel industry is directly linked with customer satisfaction. According to Coca-Stefaniak and Carroll, (2014), manager of hotel industry should measure the output of employees on basis of quality service they provide to the customers. On the other hand, Song et al., (2015) opined that managers should also conduct performance evaluation method to assess employee productivity. Measuring employee satisfaction Employee satisfaction is directly associated with employee productivity. In case of hotel sectors, highly satisfied employees are more likely to serve best for their organization. Therefore, the managers should regularly measure the satisfaction level of the employees. According to Guex and Crevoisier, (2014), hotel managers should conduct employee survey and round table meeting for assessing their view about their job role and organization. On the other hand, Ju, (2014) argued that frequent interviews with employees would also be beneficial in measuring employee satisfaction. Measuring internal service quality Improved internal service quality by the means of flexible policies, advanced technology and supportive management bring high-level employee satisfaction. Therefore, the manager should check the feasibility of organizational environment in a constant basis. According to Coca-Stefaniak and Carroll, (2014), a manager of hotel sector can measure internal service quality through interviewing the employees regarding their organizational policies and devices. Metrics for measuring the concept The experience economy Measuring satisfaction According to Leslie et al., (2015), the manager of hotel sector should assess whether the customers psychological need or expectation has been met or not. It will give the managers an evaluation of customers experience. This evaluation will draw out whether the service itself provides a pleasurable consumption-related fulfillment or not. Measuring behavioral intention In order to measure whether or not a customer has gained a memorable experience from the service, the managers should assess customers behavioral intension. According to Coca-Stefaniak and Carroll, (2014), the manager of hotel sector should measure the likelihood of a customer to be engaged in a behavior. It is the correlation between the actual behavior and customer intention. Assessing behavioral intension would help managers in identifying the future behavior of customer with the service. On the other hand, Degen et al., (2015) opined that positive behavioral intension is occurred through recommend and repurchase of customers. Conclusion While concluding, it can be said that both of the theories are extremely important for an organization. On one side it is customer loyalty and on the other side it is employee satisfaction. It has been analyzed that until the employees are satisfied, consumers cannot be satisfied. Performance of an organization can be enhanced only by focusing on the employee satisfaction. Being a service oriented industry amount of repeat customer can be increased only if service-profit chain is established. Though, for an organization that is not financially strong will become very difficult to manage its profit. Managing employees need a lot of financial investment, against which the considerable outcome will not be spontaneous. Considering economical experience concept, it can be said that consumers will only return if their experience has been fantastic. Products are quite similar in the hotel industry, but the type of service delivery must become proactive and customized. If the internal administration is highly positive and practical, then the employees will surely try to perform better. From both of the articles, it is clear that profit earning is based on a chain, where customers can be retained only if their experience with service is positive. Finally, it can be said that authenticity, memorable experience and customized services are the main pillars of a successful business. References Beltagui, A., Candi, M., Riedel, J. H. C. K. (2012). Design in the experience economy: Using emotional design for service innovation. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Product Design, Innovation, Branding in International Marketing (Advances in International Marketing, vol. 23), 111-135. Bille, T. (2012). The Scandinavian approach to the experience economydoes it make sense?.International journal of cultural policy,18(1), 93-110. Chicu, D., Valverde, M., Ryan, G., Batt, R. (2016). The service-profit chain in call centre services.Journal of Service Theory and Practice,26(5). Coca-Stefaniak, A., Carroll, S. (2014). Managing town centres during crisis: From retail-focused management to the experience economy and beyond. Cohen, J. F., Olsen, K. (2013). The impacts of complementary information technology resources on the service-profit chain and competitive performance of South African hospitality firms.International Journal of Hospitality Management,34, 245-254. Degen, M., Melhuish, C., Rose, G. (2015). Producing place atmospheres digitally: Architecture, digital visualisation practices and the experience economy.Journal of Consumer Culture, 1469540515572238. Evanschitzky, H., Wangenheim, F. V., Wnderlich, N. V. (2012). Perils of managing the service profit chain: The role of time lags and feedback loops.Journal of Retailing,88(3), 356-366. Grnholdt, L., Martensen, A. (2016). The Service-profit Chain. InThe 15th International Marketing Trends Conference. Guex, D., Crevoisier, O. (2014). A comprehensive socio-economic model of the experience economy: the territorial stage.Spatial Dynamics in the Experience Economy. Abingdon: Routledge. Heskett, J. L., Sasser, W. E., Wheeler, J. (2013).The ownership quotient: putting the service profit chain to work for unbeatable competitive advantage. Harvard Business Press. Ju, H. (2014). Study on urban tourism development based on experience economy in Shanghai.International Journal of Business and Social Science,5(4). Kumar, M., Kumar, N. (2016). Three dimensions of service recovery: examining relationship and impact.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,21(2), 273-286. Leslie, D., Brydges, T., Brail, S. (2015). Qualifying aesthetic values in the experience economy.Spatial dynamics of the Experience Economy, Routledge, 88-102. Loureiro, S. M. C. (2014). The role of the rural tourism experience economy in place attachment and behavioral intentions.International Journal of Hospitality Management,40, 1-9. Loveland, J. M., Thompson, S. A., Lounsbury, J. W., Gibson, L. W. (2016). Where do managers fit in the profit chain? Assessing managerial job performance in the hospitality industry.Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality Tourism,15(1), 86-102. Manthiou, A., Lee, S., Tang, L., Chiang, L. (2014). The experience economy approach to festival marketing: Vivid memory and attendee loyalty.Journal of Services Marketing,28(1), 22-35. Myrden, S. E., Kelloway, E. K. (2015). Leading to customer loyalty: a daily test of the service-profit chain.Journal of Services Marketing,29(6/7), 585-598. Reynoso, J. (2013). The Ownership Quotient: Putting the Service Profit Chain to Work for Unbeatable Competitive Advantage.Journal of Service Management. Robinson Jr, L., Stamps, M. B., Marshall, G. W., Lamb Jr, C. W. (2015). Employee Satisfaction and Internal Service Performance: Some Preliminary Evidence. InProceedings of the 1999 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 347-353). Springer International Publishing. Sigala, M. (2013). The Ownership Quotient: Putting the Service Profit Chain to Work for Unbeatable Profitability.Journal of Consumer Marketing. Song, H. J., Lee, C. K., Park, J. A., Hwang, Y. H., Reisinger, Y. (2015). The influence of tourist experience on perceived value and satisfaction with temple stays: The experience economy theory.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,32(4), 401-415. Yee, R. W., Guo, Y., Yeung, A. C. (2015). Being close or being happy? The relative impact of work relationship and job satisfaction on service quality.International Journal of Production Economics,169, 391-400.

The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 Essay Example

The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 Paper In the aftermath of the French and Indian War, Britain needed a new imperial design, but the situation in America was anything but favorable to change. Long accustomed to a large measure of independence, the colonies were demanding more, not less, freedom, particularly now that the French menace had been eliminated. To put a new system into effect, and to tighten control, Parliament had to contend with colonists trained in self-government and impatient with interference. One of the thefirst things that British attempted was the organization of the interior. The conquest of Canada and of the Ohio Valley necessitated policies that would not alienate the French and Indian inhabitants. But here the Crown came into conflict with the interests of the colonies. Fast increasing in population, and needing more land for settlement, various colonies claimed the right to extend their boundaries as far west as the Mississippi River. The British government, fearing that settlers migrating into the new lands would provoke a series of Indian wars, believed that the lands should be opened to colonists on a more gradual basis. Restricting movement was also a way of ensuring royal control over existing settlements before allowing the formation of new ones. We will write a custom essay sample on The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Royal Proclamation Act of 1763 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Royal Proclamation of 1763 reserved all the western territory between the Alleghenies, Florida, the Mississippi River and Quebec for use by Native Americans. Thus the Crown attempted to sweep away every western land claim of the 13 colonies and to stop westward expansion. Though never effectively enforced, this measure, in the eyes of the colonists, constituted a high-handed disregard of their most elementary right to occupy and settle western lands. More serious in its repercussions was the new financial policy of the British government, which needed more money to support its growing empire. Unless the taxpayer in England was to supply all money for the colonies’ defense, revenues would have to be.

History of Public Relations Essays

History of Public Relations Essays History of Public Relations Essay History of Public Relations Essay Public Relations (PR) results from a convicted and thoughtful communication process that recognizes that favourable public opinion, attention and support is not achieved by accident. It recognizes a great deal of hard work since success depends on ensuring that nothing happens by chance. This is probably due to the inevitable growing complexity of the world and its communication channel and our Ghanaian society in particular. Every organization either provides a service or direct sales of products to its publics. This is regardless of whether the organization is state owned or otherwise. This presupposes that every organization has its own defined publics it deals with day to day basis. This is where PR comes in. According to the British Institute of Public Relations (IPR), PR is a deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain goodwill and mutual understanding between an organization and its publics. In 1999 the Institute added another version to the definition which is on reputation – Public Relations is about reputation, the results of what you do, what you say, what others say about you. Public Relations practice is a discipline, which looks after reputation – the aim of earning understanding, support and influence public opinion. Edward Bernays, the grandfather of PR in the USA sees Public Relations practitioner as an applied sociologist who advises clients or employers on social attitudes and action to be taken to win the support of public upon which the viability of the employers and clients depend (Harrison, 2000). Cutlip, Center and Broom (1985) are of the view that â€Å"Public Relations is a management function that establishes and maintains mutual beneficial relationships between an organization and the publics on which its success or failure depends† Ruehl defines public relations as â€Å"Public Relations is what public relations does† â€Å" PR practice is the art and social science of analyzing trends predicting their consequencies, counseling organizations leaders and implementing planned programmes of action which serve both the organization and the publics interest† (World Assembly of PR, Mexico City, 1978) Canfield (1952) in different semester inner do, upholds this perception of Public Relations as â€Å"a social philosophy of management expressed in policies and practice which are communicated to the public to secure its understanding† Philip Kitchen (1977) in his book Public relations; Principles and Practices came out with a revelation that over 500 Public Relations definitions exist; however a number of common themes abound as follows; Public Relations is essentially a communication function but the emphasis is on the two- way nature of the communication process. Public Relations is concerned with establishing and maintaining mutual understanding (goodwill) between an organization and its particular group of people (publics). Public Relation serves as an intelligent function analyzing and interpreting trends and issues in the environment that may have potential consequences for an organization and its stakeholders. Running through these definitions is the fact that, the p ractice is essentially in promoting mutual understanding, rapport and goodwill between an organization and its publics. Such a condition, needless to say is indispensable to the success of every establishment including higher education. It must be noted that this condition is premised on a two-way communication system with both inward and outward activities. An organization must be able to communicate its plans and actions to the public and at the same time, the public thinking and attitude must be communicated to the organization in order to evolve acceptable policies. It is not enough that an organization should have good intentions; it is essential that such intentions be communicated to the publics and translated into concrete acts. It is only by making people know and see concrete deeds that one can build a good public image. The importance of Public Relations practice is underscored by the indispensability of communication in any human setup. However, in spite of this importance in our side of the world Public Relation practice has suffered certain abuses by those who profess to practice it as well as those who are supposed to benefit from its practice. While management seems not to appreciate the importance and its relevance, the numerous publics do not appear to understand it and the practitioners themselves have for most part been woefully incapable of explaining to both management and the various publics what the practice entails. In short the Public Relations profession, its aims and objectives, guiding principles have largely not been understood and appreciated by the public. 2. 0 HISTORY OF PUBLIC RELATIONS â€Å"In truly democratic society everything depends upon the consent of the public† Thomas Jefferson. Public Relations began when people started communicating and needed to motivate others. The idea of public relations as a profession is relatively young. Public Relations is a twentieth (20th) century phenomenon and Edward Bernays often accredited as the father of Public Relations. He played a major role in defining the industry’s philosophy and methods. The history of Public Relations is mostly confined to the early half of the twentieth century; however there is evidence of practices scattered through history. A number of American precursors to the Public Relations are found in the form of publicists who specialized in promoting circuses, theatre performances and other public spectacles. In the United States of America where Public Relations’ has its origin, many early Public Relations practices were developed in support of rail roads. Many scholars believed that the first appearance of the term â€Å"Public Relations† appeared in 1897 year book of Railway Literature. Later, practitioners were recruited from the rank of journalism. Some reporters concerned with ethnics criticize former colleagues for using their inside knowledge/understanding of news media to help clients receive fovourable media coverage. 2. 1 THE FIRST NAMES Some historians regard Ivy Lee as the first real practitioner of Public Relations but Edwards Bernays is generally regarded as the profession’s founder. In the United Kingdom, Sir Basil Clarke (1879-1947) was the pioneer Public Relations. The First World War helped stimulate the development of Public Relations as a profession. Many of the first professionals get their start with the â€Å"Committee on Public Information† (also known as the Creel Committee) which organized publicity on behalf of the USA objectives during the World War II. In describing the origin of the term Public Relations, Bernays commented â€Å"when I came back to the United States of America (after the war) I decided that if you could use propaganda for war, you could certainly use it for peace. And propaganda get to be a bad word because of the German’s using it. So what I did was to try to find some other words, so we found the words (counsel of â€Å"(Public Relation)† Bernays was the profession’s first theorist based on Sigmund Freud’s theories about the irrational, unconscious motives that shape behaviour. He authorized several books; Criticizing public opinion (1923), Propaganda (1928) and The engineering of consent (1937). Ivy Lee is credited with developing the modern news release (also called press release). He espoused a philosophy consistent with what has been called the â€Å"two – way street† to Public Relations. It is reported that Kings College (Columbia University) sent out an announcement of its 1758 graduation ceremonies the first anywhere in the colonies – several newspapers printed it apparently the first instance of a NEWS RELEASE. 2. 2 PUBLIC RELATIONS IN GHANA The emergence of Public Relations in Ghana according to Gyan (1991) was characterized by scenario in which Public Relations Officers in such departments as administration, marketing, sales and personnel carried out Public Relations functions. Gyan (1991) further notes that, where the need for Public Relations job offer arises, organizations usually opted for press or information officers usually from the Information Services Department (ISD) of the Ministry of Communication. This had the effect of reducing the Public Relations practice to publicity or press relations thus limiting the scope of the practice in Ghana. Shortly before and after independence, that is between the late 1950’s and early 1960’s the civil service started replacing expatriate principal secretaries with Ghanaians. Multinationals like UAC, PTC, Shell and BP followed suit by appointing Ghanaian intermediaries between them and their various respective publics. Significantly, virtually all these Ghanaians who were given the Public Relations functions came from journalistic background and were therefore given the opportunity to learn some skills in PR practice. Some of these early PR practitioners took advantage of refresher courses to upgrade themselves and later became accomplished PR practitioners. Notably among them were Mrs. Veronica Addae-Mensah, Mrs. Regina Agbozo, Moses Dorvlo Herman Alan, Kafui Asem and Carl Reindorf. They joined the PR profession from other fields. The stigma attached to the PR by the unprofessional approach of some untrained practitioners in the past still remains. Thus in his article entitled â€Å"Public Relations, African’s biggest problem† Santuah Niagia Affidiweh (1998) asserts that Public Relations in Ghana has been reduced to negotiating for canopies for meetings, organizing press coverage’s or receiving delegates for conferences. He summed up saying â€Å"Public Relations in our part of the world is still a serious joke† However, Public Relations practitioners like honourable Kwadwo Yankah, Kafui Asem, honourable Ekow Spio-Garbah, J. E. Papoe Allotey and Ben Antwi have by their sterling performances in the field of Public Relations proved that PR practice has become recognized as a scientific professional and indispensable management tool in Ghana. In a recent study conducted by Wu, Ming-Yi, Baah-Boakye, Kwame,(2008) on â€Å"Profile of Public Relations Practice in Ghana, Practitioners role Most Important Skills† revealed that now most public relations practitioners perform managerial roles and take part in decision-making process. However, public relations practitioners who perform communication technician role do not have decision-making powers in their respective organizations. This result is different from the results of the Gyan(1991) study. The results of her study suggested that PR practitioners’ positions were very low on the organizational chart. However, they are now performing managerial roles and have decision-making powers in the organizations. Comparing the results with Gyan (1991) study which was conducted 16 years ago, we can see improvement in professional status of PR in Ghana. Currently, all state institutions have employed the services of qualified PR practitioners and consultancies to help promote and protect their respective images. Thus the practitioner is therefore a policy person and advisor to his or her organization. 3. 0 HIGHER EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION From Colonial Harvard University to today’s online courses, higher education whether public or private has occupied an important place in the social cultural and political spectrums. It signified citizen commitment to next generations’ future as well as avenue to produce knowledge for current use. Today the long insulated position of higher education like other professions such as law and medicine is undergoing public scrutiny in all parts of its complex operations. Such change from enjoying reverend, unquestioned status to being pushed into high profile arena populated by media, special interest groups, empowered consumers and other vocal entities present new challenges to higher education public relations practitioners. (For example, Students’ reporters/journalists of the Part Time programme often scan the notice boards for news worthier items for publication. ) Because, the historical structure within higher education institutions evolved quietly, often without wide spread public attention, the new demand, by outside groups for accountability might seem like a threat for higher education. For example, it came as surprise to see an article published in the Ghanaian Times Newspaper in 2001, calling on the government to initiate action to investigate the financial impropriety and abuse of power leveled against the Finance Officer and Registrar of University of Education, Winneba. The number of rejoinders that were published after the University had stated its side of the story was overwhelming. That was unprecedented in the history of universities in Ghana. The issue of examination malpractices involving the son of a Vice Chancellor of the University of Ghana, Prof. Asenso Okyere took centre stage in the media circles. A court action was instituted by the University of Ghana against the Daily Graphic, Newspaper. This compelled the paper to withdraw an article published by the paper alleging that 30% of student’s population of the University is HIV positive. This is clear demonstration of media scrutiny of higher education, which had hitherto enjoyed uninterfered running of the universities. The recent proliferation of the press and the electronic media (Radio stations broadcasting in local Ghanaian languages) may pose a serious challenge to the universities in Ghana on the best practices in media relations. Center, Cutlip and Broom (1985) description of closed and open system aptly illustrates higher education transitory state. The traditional close system promise of higher education institutions emphasized bringing internal and external stake holders in line with the organization with little regards for how the interaction of the components parts appeared to work together or conflict, hence the â€Å"ivory tower†. By contrast, the open system promise view external and internal holders interactions as critical to adopting to and flourishing in today’s changing environment something higher education is realising it must do. In the 21st century, emphasis will continue to be on the individual’s responsibility and power of choice for selecting and questioning his or her own health care options, to demanding quality and relevance from higher education institutions. One, the public perception of higher education must be more responsive to the needs of its constituents including being more accessible to different types of students more aware of and responsive to educational costs more concern with relevance of higher education to the market place. The internal structure of higher education is also chaotic, with many different factions balancing their goals with others while competing for resources and visibility, example, graduate education versus undergraduate education, finite and often diminishing resources versus increasing resources, administration versus faculty on issues such as academic freedom nd governance innovation versus traditional course and informal delivery system. In Ghana, for example, it took the University of Ghana, the oldest University, a considerable length of time and political pressures for it to change from the term system (3 terms) to semester system after all the other Universities in Ghana had adopted the semester sy stem. The structure is often compared with multitude of fiefdoms squabbling under the nose of a king. As higher education institutions grew and became more fragmented internally, functions became compartmentalized and seemed to operate without the knowledge of what other parts of the institutions were doing. Warner (1996) detailed the other disjointed developments of higher education as a separate office to deal with media relations, publications video services (most recently) website for external audiences. All of these coexist with internal faculty and staff audience resulting in a plethora of seemingly, unrelated and often contradictory external and internal messages. Now more than ever, higher education institutions not only must become aware of public relations efforts going on in their respective Universities but also must step up and coordinate these efforts within the structures before going out to the external audiences. As Berube (1996) wrote â€Å"the most important thing is that we need to re-evaluate our priorities internally, if we are going to understand how we might be valued externally† page 17. Today, good public relations is vital to the successful functioning of any educational institution. Higher education has been branded as â€Å"two expensive† and suffers from the receiving charge that money is wasted and graduates cannot get jobs. Universities face competition for students and dwindling resources it usually has three charges to fulfill that is teaching, service and research. Many are not aware of the last two, it is the job of public relations to create that awareness. 4. 0 THE PUBLIC RELATIONS ROLES Background The University Relations Office for the Kumasi Campus of UEW was set up in 1996 when the then KATTC was integrated into the University. The main objectives of the office is to provide an efficient, effective and high quality corporate publicity and public relations services to the University of Education, Winneba (Kumasi Campus) including; Production of external and internal corporate communication and publicity materials. Proactive and responsive media relations activities Advise and guidelines to other departments on media, liaison and promotional activities Staging of special events and protocol services to University of Education, Winneba guests Also to enhance the image and visibility of the university through the various functions of media relations, publications, advertising, marketing, special events and strategic public relations planning, for the administrative and academic departments in achieving the university goals. The practice of PR in an educational setting like the universities is similar to that of other government institutions. It is very important that PR specialists be part of the instituti ons management team. Many a time institutions don’t include PR in their management team. Ideally the PR should attend top-level management meetings involving the Vice Chancellor and other Administrators to ensure what we call â€Å"Learning the Whys and the Wherefores of decision made and lending counsel† University and College PR are generally carried out through the public information bureaus. The responsibilities consist of producing and distribution of news releases photographs and special events. The major roles of public relations are basically to analyze, create, projects, influence, sustain, educate and building relationships. The public relations practitioner may operate at the level of manager (sit at management table e. . Deputy Registrar at KNUST) or Technician (implementing). There are many different functions or activities engaged by the public relations practitioner to be able to perform all these roles – whether, in organizational functions such as media relations, and publicity or societal functions such as social responsibility and commun ity relations, the functions are the driving forces behind the way public relations is practiced in institutions. For the purpose of this presentation I would like to discuss the following; Media Relations Event Management Publications/Publicity Reputation building Community Relations Employee Relations Internal and external communications Protocol and passages 4. 1 Media Relations Media relations is one of the key functions of public relations. It is an important aspect of public relations since the media are important tools for effective public relations. Again the media, being the channel through which information is disseminated to the organization’s publics, are themselves a major public of the organization. Media relations is an organization function that is conducted through the media through channels such as, television, newspapers, magazines, and radio. An effective media relations often depends on designing and implementing a well though-out plan. The responsibilities of the PR specialist in such fields include writing and distributing news releases, feature articles and rejoinders to the press and compiling press list, publishing of newsletters, handling and maintaining media information, service, arranging press, radio and television interview for management. Also preparing marketing plans and strategic promotional and marketing efforts are other activities undertaken by the PR. A classic example of good media relations practice was documented in 1999 when Barclays Bank was donating some items to UEW-K and KNUST, the media team decided to have the presentation done on our campus to give us more publicity due to the good relationship that we had established with them. The type of media to use depends on accessibility and affordability in addition to what is their target audience. At times the University has little or no control over the messages in the media, it is the reporter and writers that decide what will be published depending on the angle they choose. 4. Publicity/Publication Publicity is a public relations function to ensure that the University has a strong public image. It can help the public to understand the University and its products and services. From promotional activities to marketing campaigns, publicity is the tool that public relations use to get the word about the University to the public. Negative publicity can cost organizations million s of Ghana cedis and forced out of the market. The public relations section has embarked on a deliberate campaign to prevent negative publicity through coordinated activities with the students and the edia in Kumasi. The creation of the notice board to display pictures of events and programmes are means of disseminating information to the University community through â€Å"News in Pictures†. Production and distribution of newsletters, leaflets, brochures and magazines are some of the activities undertaken to publicize the University. Articles are sometimes written and sent to the media to publish thereby keeping the Universities in the public mind through constant positive publicity. 4. 3 Community Relations The relationship that an organization has with its community can be vital to the success of that organsation. Institutions can interact with the community in numerous ways, from participating in community activities, to putting on events through donations. Successful organizations understand that their relations with the surrounding community is important. Community goodwill must be maintained through proactive public relations programmes in cities and towns where Universities are located. Due to this reason, it makes sense for Universities to participate in neighborhood programmes. The PR department should also serve as liaison between the university and the community and work closely with other social partners in the locality. For instance, University of Education, Winneba –Kumasi Campus has constantly maintained healthy relationships with the Manhyia Palace and other sub-chiefs in the catchment areas, like Atwima Agogo, Asuoyboah, Tanaso and Apatrapa. The naming of one of the two halls Atwima after the district is a vivid example. Occasionally, students, church and other members of the community are allowed to make use of university’s facilities to promote good neighbourliness. The community would be prepared and defend you in times of any problem or difficulty. The introduction of the admission to students from less endowed schools by Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) is clear indication of the university’s corporate social responsibility to the communities. There is currently a proposal before management for consideration on UEW’s contribution to the Best Teacher Awards scheme instituted by the Ghana Education Service (GES) by the University Relations Office. UEW-K is one of the first institutions to pay a courtesy call on the Ashanti Regional Minister when he assumed office recently. 4. 4 Employee Relations Internal motivation is vital factor which attacks the bottom line by building morale, enhancing productivity and creating team spirit. Public relations provides an early warning system by avoiding interruptions which may occur when single surprise issue or unplanned for social/political changes arise. Public relations practitioners interact more with the internal and external audiences than only one else in the organisation. Public relations helps institutions to manage change and ensure smooth transition in the system. Example, whenever, there is change is management, the public relations office informs the staff and students of the change and its implications. Through seminars and workshops the staff and students are given in death knowledge about the University, what it stands for, its structures and policies. 4. 5 Communication Expert The Public Relations Office deals with the management of both internal and external communication. It is responsible for promotion of the mission and vision of the University and also manages and improves the flow of information within the University and between the University and the publics that it serves. Public relations professionals have a role to play in helping management to keep in touch with their various publics because the role of public relations within an organization has become that of spokesperson to management, they actively solicit both employee and consumer opinions and make management aware of the effects of various decision on clients and employees. That is in line with the two-way systemic public relations model by (Grung and Hunt). It is important to realize that public relations is vital not only in helping to secure the universities funding, but also in recruitment of staff and students. We have to make sure that we build that basic awareness of what the University (UEW) is all about. We have to keep in mind that university is a learning community that needs different constituents to join in to make it strong. We are facing heavy competition for those constituents to join other communities. For example, when the part-time programme started, the University Relations Office went round institutions and organizations to inform them of the introduction of the programme by distributing brochures and other leaflets to sensitize them. The challenge for the future will be to continue to become more effective in getting stories out to the media and the public without taking the lecturers’ energy away from teaching or research. The institution of e media encounter and meet the press series are some of the programmes planned to promote research findings and papers presented at conferences and in international journals. Example the Department of Technology Education’s research into the use of oil palm for furniture was given much publicity. Recently, the office wrote a circular calling on the University community to furnish the University Relations Office of such information for upward publication to the University community. Public relations helps to overcome management isolation, something that can affect every organization sooner or later. An inescapable PR role is opening the eyes and ears of management to what is really happening out there (intelligence gathering function). The 1999 students’ demonstration on the Kumasi Campus, students’ reaction to the University’s delay in releasing results on time and the breakdown of the University of Education, Winneba Online Student Information System (UEWOSIS). The office quickly gathered enough and relevant information and advised management on what steps to take to avert agitations and confrontations. 5. 0 ACHIEVEMENTS The University Relations Office of the University has chalked a considerable success in the areas of media relations, communication event management and protocol services. The office in collaboration with the students, staff and management has been able to establish and maintain a very good rapport with the media. This has resulted in the projection of image of the University in media circles. There hasn’t been any negative publicity in the media on the University. Thus the University enjoys good reputation. The university is always in the news projecting its activities, core values and programmes. In the area of publication and publicity, we have contributed a number of articles in the University Newsletter, produced attractive brochures for our part-time and MSc in Marketing and e-Commerce programmes. The brochure covering the Kumasi Campus of the UEW published in 2005 is another classic example. The office frequently issues News Releases to inform the University Community on the events and programmes taking place in the university. We have successfully organized and staged a number of high profile events, like congregation, matriculation, media encounter, congregation lectures, workshops, seminars and orientation programmes etc. Good organizational skills of event management have contributed to the successful organisation of events sometimes at a very short notice. Our concerned for the image and reputation of the University motivated us to make sure that we coordinate all the activities to ensure incident free events. We have exhibited excellent customer relationships among the numerous clients, guests, visitors that do business with the university (both local and foreign). We have provided good protocol services to our guests and warm front desk/reception has always been accorded our visitors. We received commendations for our good works both written and verbal from the numerous guests; example was a letter from Mrs. Quashie-Sam, former Registrar of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, (KNUST). We launched a successful campaign to make the UEW-K become a household name or to inform the Kumasi public of the new status of the Kumasi Campus of the University. There have been tremendous results. UEW-K is now known to most institutions and organizations as well as general public including taxi and trotro drivers. In the areas of policy direction we have written and contributed a number of proposals in the form of memoranda to ensure that we move in the right direction. The introduction of radio lecture and innovative programmes on the Mynd FM has contributed to the projection of very enviable image of the institution. 6. 0 CHALLENGES In spite of the success chalked, the section faces a number of challenges. The greatest challenge is that the University Relations Officer is on 24 hour call without much incentive like allowances. The problem has compounded with the absence of the Principal and Registrar on campus. He is the first point of call and in the event of any crisis he should be prepared to manage it. Limited office space is another serious challenge. There is no privacy to our guests who come to discuss confidential matters. Means of transport is sometimes difficult to come by but thanks to the Deputy Registrar who readily releases his pick up to us for our numerous assignments. The absence of qualified staff with journalism background to handle news and article production is another setback. The delay in procurement of certain vital logistics and in release of funds for programmes is a source of worry. 7. 0 RECOMMENDATIONS We wish to recommend that the Office be upgraded to that of a department to enable it operates fully and efficiently. Acquisition of means of transport for the unit would help us function effectively. Also the provision of new strategically located and spacious office will help interaction with staff, students and guests more professional and diligently.

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Law of Evidence - Essay Example in circumstances that render them unreliable. The obvious test is whether or not the statement was made voluntarily or not as evidence by the Section 76(2) of PACE. There are other safeguards against the admission of a confession that may have been improperly obtained and thus rendering them unreliable. Section 78 of PACE provides that a confession may be excluded if admitting the confession would render the proceedings unfair.4 Section 82(3) of PACE incorporates the common law principle of judicial discretion and permits the exclusion of a confession statement if its prejudicial effect would exceed it probative value.5 The main purposes of the safeguards against admitting confession statements was articulated by Lord Griffiths in Lam Chi-Ming v R as follows: Their Lordships are of the view that the more recent English cases established that the rejection of an improperly obtained confession is not dependent only upon possible unreliability but also upon the principle that a man cann ot be compelled to incriminate himself and upon the importance that attaches in a civilized society to proper behaviour by police towards those in their custody.6 Thus the protections contemplated by PACE relative to the admissibility of confessions are three fold: to safeguard against the admissibility of unreliable confessions; to protect the accused person’s right against self-incrimination; and to protect the accused person from police impropriety. Although a judge following a voire dire (a trial outside the presence of the jury) may rule that the confession was obtained fairly and is thus admissible, the circumstances in which the confession was obtained may nevertheless be laid out before the jury. For instance, in Musthtaq the House of Lords ruled that a judge must instruct the jury that if, despite the judge’s admission of the confession, if they find that the confession was obtained oppressively or improperly, they are required to disregard it.7 It was also he ld in Wizzard v R. that the judge must instruct the jury to disregard a confession admitted into evidence if: There is a possibility that the jury may conclude that a statement was made by the defendant, that statement was true, but, the statement was, or may have been, induced by oppression.8 Thus the courts have expounded upon the protections articulated in PACE relative to the admissibility of a confession statement. The main purpose is to safeguard against an unfair and unjust outcome by protecting the accused’s right against self-incrimination, protect the accused against police impropriety and to safeguard against the admission of an unreliable statement. Building on the protection purposes implicit in PACE, Lord Steyn stated in Mitchell v R that the jury ought not to know that the admissibility of a confession statement was determined in a voire dire. As Lord Steyn noted: There is no logical reason why the jury should know about the decision of the judge. It is irrelev ant

Research workplace safety issues and disabilities of job applicants Paper - 1

Workplace safety issues and disabilities of job applicants and report your findings and analysis in a - Research Paper Example The common practice of alienating people in the work place has been through biasness in hiring, promotion, in termination, job assignment and when compensating employees. It is also expressed through retaliation and other forms of harassing employees in terms of their gender. State constitutions and the federal statutes provide rulings of law on discriminatory acts. The issue is addressed fully under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution with some relevant Acts and provisions which limit the power of both the federal and the state governments to discriminate. The Fifth Amendment has the requirement that individuals should not be deprived of life, liberty or property by the state without the due use of the law (OBrien 216). This section has also highlighted the cases which govern alienation and the provisions as well as the penalties due in case of failure to comply with the constitution. The amendment has also provided a guarantee that all individuals have an equal and explicit protection of the law. The fourteenth amendment has provided for full protection of human rights and prohibits the states from violating these rights. This paper analyses the various forms of allowable and unethical forms of discrimination as has been provided in the constitution and their impacts on the employer or organizations, the applicants and the coworkers. Firstly, the constitution under the fourteenth amendment has provided that a person shall not be discriminated upon in the practice of employment because of membership in a certain group whether such an individual is a former employee or a job applicant. In case of termination, the law has stated that an individual should receive fair treatment and process of termination before he or she is acquitted and especially if the termination is related to property interests, liberty or freedom. Intentional